生物医学研究正在以这种指数速度增长，科学家，研究人员和从业者不再能够应对该领域发表的文献的数量。文献中提出的知识需要以这种方式系统化，可以轻松找到声明和假设，访问和验证。知识图可以为文献提供这样的语义知识表示框架。然而，为了构建知识图形，有必要以生物医学实体之间的关系形式提取知识并使两个实体和关系类型进行正常化。在本文中，我们展示并比较了少数基于规则和基于机器学习的（天真的贝叶斯，随机森林作为传统机器学习方法和T5基础的示例，作为现代深层学习的示例）可扩展关系从生物医学中提取的方法集成到知识图中的文献。我们研究了如何为不平衡和相当小的数据集进行弹性，显示T5模型，由于其在大型C4数据集以及不平衡数据上进行预培训，因此T5模型处理得好的小型数据集。最佳执行模型是T5模型在平衡数据上进行微调，报告F1分数为0.88。

Text classifiers have promising applications in high-stake tasks such as resume screening and content moderation. These classifiers must be fair and avoid discriminatory decisions by being invariant to perturbations of sensitive attributes such as gender or ethnicity. However, there is a gap between human intuition about these perturbations and the formal similarity specifications capturing them. While existing research has started to address this gap, current methods are based on hardcoded word replacements, resulting in specifications with limited expressivity or ones that fail to fully align with human intuition (e.g., in cases of asymmetric counterfactuals). This work proposes novel methods for bridging this gap by discovering expressive and intuitive individual fairness specifications. We show how to leverage unsupervised style transfer and GPT-3's zero-shot capabilities to automatically generate expressive candidate pairs of semantically similar sentences that differ along sensitive attributes. We then validate the generated pairs via an extensive crowdsourcing study, which confirms that a lot of these pairs align with human intuition about fairness in the context of toxicity classification. Finally, we show how limited amounts of human feedback can be leveraged to learn a similarity specification that can be used to train downstream fairness-aware models.

Accurate speed estimation of road vehicles is important for several reasons. One is speed limit enforcement, which represents a crucial tool in decreasing traffic accidents and fatalities. Compared with other research areas and domains, the number of available datasets for vehicle speed estimation is still very limited. We present a dataset of on-road audio-video recordings of single vehicles passing by a camera at known speeds, maintained stable by the on-board cruise control. The dataset contains thirteen vehicles, selected to be as diverse as possible in terms of manufacturer, production year, engine type, power and transmission, resulting in a total of $ 400 $ annotated audio-video recordings. The dataset is fully available and intended as a public benchmark to facilitate research in audio-video vehicle speed estimation. In addition to the dataset, we propose a cross-validation strategy which can be used in a machine learning model for vehicle speed estimation. Two approaches to training-validation split of the dataset are proposed.

Novel view synthesis and 3D modeling using implicit neural field representation are shown to be very effective for calibrated multi-view cameras. Such representations are known to benefit from additional geometric and semantic supervision. Most existing methods that exploit additional supervision require dense pixel-wise labels or localized scene priors. These methods cannot benefit from high-level vague scene priors provided in terms of scenes' descriptions. In this work, we aim to leverage the geometric prior of Manhattan scenes to improve the implicit neural radiance field representations. More precisely, we assume that only the knowledge of the scene (under investigation) being Manhattan is known - with no additional information whatsoever - with an unknown Manhattan coordinate frame. Such high-level prior is then used to self-supervise the surface normals derived explicitly in the implicit neural fields. Our modeling allows us to group the derived normals, followed by exploiting their orthogonality constraints for self-supervision. Our exhaustive experiments on datasets of diverse indoor scenes demonstrate the significant benefit of the proposed method over the established baselines.

Tabular biomedical data is often high-dimensional but with a very small number of samples. Although recent work showed that well-regularised simple neural networks could outperform more sophisticated architectures on tabular data, they are still prone to overfitting on tiny datasets with many potentially irrelevant features. To combat these issues, we propose Weight Predictor Network with Feature Selection (WPFS) for learning neural networks from high-dimensional and small sample data by reducing the number of learnable parameters and simultaneously performing feature selection. In addition to the classification network, WPFS uses two small auxiliary networks that together output the weights of the first layer of the classification model. We evaluate on nine real-world biomedical datasets and demonstrate that WPFS outperforms other standard as well as more recent methods typically applied to tabular data. Furthermore, we investigate the proposed feature selection mechanism and show that it improves performance while providing useful insights into the learning task.

Genome-wide studies leveraging recent high-throughput sequencing technologies collect high-dimensional data. However, they usually include small cohorts of patients, and the resulting tabular datasets suffer from the "curse of dimensionality". Training neural networks on such datasets is typically unstable, and the models overfit. One problem is that modern weight initialisation strategies make simplistic assumptions unsuitable for small-size datasets. We propose Graph-Conditioned MLP, a novel method to introduce priors on the parameters of an MLP. Instead of randomly initialising the first layer, we condition it directly on the training data. More specifically, we create a graph for each feature in the dataset (e.g., a gene), where each node represents a sample from the same dataset (e.g., a patient). We then use Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) to learn embeddings from these graphs and use the embeddings to initialise the MLP's parameters. Our approach opens the prospect of introducing additional biological knowledge when constructing the graphs. We present early results on 7 classification tasks from gene expression data and show that GC-MLP outperforms an MLP.

在我们不断变化的气候中，使用模型来评估天气和气候对社会和企业的后续后果的风险及其后续后果至关重要。这种模型的操作在历史上是定制的，并限制在特定的计算基础架构，驱动数据集和预定义的配置上。这些约束通过缩放模型运行并将模型掌握在感兴趣的用户手中。在这里，我们提出了一个基于云的模块化框架，用于部署和操作地理空间模型，最初应用于气候影响。气候冲击建模框架（CIMF）可以以动态和灵活的方式部署模块化工作流程。用户可以以简化的方式指定工作流程组件，然后可以轻松地将这些组件组织成不同的配置，以以不同的方式和不同的尺度评估风险。这还可以使不同的模型（物理模拟或机器学习模型）和工作流程连接以产生合并的风险评估。洪水建模被用作端到端的示例，以证明CIMF的操作。

该卷包含来自机器学习挑战的选定贡献“发现玛雅人的奥秘”，该挑战在欧洲机器学习和数据库中知识发现的欧洲挑战赛曲目（ECML PKDD 2021）中提出。遥感大大加速了古代玛雅人森林地区的传统考古景观调查。典型的探索和发现尝试，除了关注整个古老的城市外，还集中在单个建筑物和结构上。最近，已经成功地尝试了使用机器学习来识别古代玛雅人定居点。这些尝试虽然相关，但却集中在狭窄的区域上，并依靠高质量的空中激光扫描（ALS）数据，该数据仅涵盖古代玛雅人曾经定居的地区的一小部分。另一方面，由欧洲航天局（ESA）哨兵任务制作的卫星图像数据很丰富，更重要的是公开。旨在通过执行不同类型的卫星图像（Sentinel-1和Sentinel-2和ALS）的集成图像细分来定位和识别古老的Maya架构（建筑物，Aguadas和平台）的“发现和识别古代玛雅体系结构（建筑物，Aguadas和平台）的挑战的“发现和识别古老的玛雅体系结构（建筑物，阿吉达斯和平台）的“发现玛雅的奥秘”的挑战， （LIDAR）数据。

我们提出“ AITLAS：基准竞技场” - 一个开源基准测试框架，用于评估地球观察中图像分类的最新深度学习方法（EO）。为此，我们介绍了从九种不同的最先进的体系结构得出的400多个模型的全面比较分析，并将它们与来自22个具有不同尺寸的数据集的各种多级和多标签分类任务进行比较和属性。除了完全在这些数据集上训练的模型外，我们还基于在转移学习的背景下训练的模型，利用预训练的模型变体，因为通常在实践中执行。所有提出的方法都是一般的，可以轻松地扩展到本研究中未考虑的许多其他遥感图像分类任务。为了确保可重复性并促进更好的可用性和进一步的开发，所有实验资源在内的所有实验资源，包括训练的模型，模型配置和数据集的处理详细信息（以及用于培训和评估模型的相应拆分）都在存储库上公开可用：HTTPS ：//github.com/biasvariancelabs/aitlas-arena。

最近的攻击表明，可以从FEDSGD更新中恢复用户数据，从而破坏隐私。但是，这些攻击具有有限的实际相关性，因为联邦学习通常使用FedAvg算法。与FEDSGD相比，从FedAvg更新中恢复数据要困难得多，因为：（i）更新是在未观察到的中间网络权重计算的，（ii）使用大量批次，并且（iii）标签和网络权重在客户端上同时不同脚步。在这项工作中，我们提出了一项新的基于优化的攻击，该攻击通过解决上述挑战来成功攻击FedAvg。首先，我们使用自动差异化解决了优化问题，该分化迫使客户端更新的仿真，该更新生成了恢复的标签和输入的未观察到的参数，以匹配接收到的客户端更新。其次，我们通过将来自不同时期的图像与置换不变的先验联系起来来解决大量批处理。第三，我们通过在每个FedAvg步骤中估算现有FEDSGD攻击的参数来恢复标签。在流行的女性数据集中，我们证明，平均而言，我们从现实的FedAvg更新中成功地恢复了> 45％的图像，该更新是在10个本地时期计算出的10批批次，每个批次，每个图像，每张5张图像，而使用基线仅<10％。我们的发现表明，基于FedAvg的许多现实世界联合学习实现非常脆弱。